Jonathan Edwards, a powerful colonial American Congregational speaker from the 18th century, had many popular works, one of the most popular being “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.” This speech is a prime example of a typical sermon during the Great Awakening, corner stoning the fact that Hell is a real, functional place. In the speech, Edwards explains God’s wrath to his listeners with immense aggression and anger. Using horrific, vivid imagery, and other rhetorical strategies, Edwards unashamedly reveals his strong faith in God.
One of the major rhetorical strategies used in this work is the use of alliteration. In the following lines, Edwards uses a series of words with an ‘f’ sound: “If God should only withdraw His hand from the floodgate, it would immediately fly open, and the fiery floods of the fierceness and wrath of God, would rush forth with inconceivable fury” (80). Clearly, the ‘f’ sounds dominate this sentence. These ‘f’ sounds allow Edwards to place immense emphasis on each word, increasing the impact of the horrific biblical imagery. While the use of alliteration certainly helped Edwards reveal his faith, imagery was equally important in this work.
Edwards’s use of imagery helps describe God’s wrath: “[T]he lake of burning brimstone, is extended abroad under you. There is the dreadful pit of the glowing flames of the wrath of God” (81). Edwards does an excellent job of using his rhetoric to paint vivid, horrifying images of Hell, and God’s wrath. Edwards hopes to scare his audience away from sin, and into the light. Edwards believes that if he creates a strong enough fear of Hell in the audience’s mind, then they will repent, and ultimately go to Heaven.
Finally, Edwards uses repetition to resound a rhythm of hopelessness in the audience: “[N]othing to lay hold of to save yourself, nothing to keep off the flames of wrath, nothing of your own, nothing that you ever have done, nothing that you can do” (81). The repetitive use of the word “nothing” burns into the audience’s brain that they are worthless in the eyes of God, and nothing that they can do will free them from their eternal damnation. Through repeating such fearful, negative words multiple times, Edwards creates a sense of fear in the audience’s mind, hopefully causing them to repent.
As you can clearly see, Edwards uses his ability to express himself with rhetoric to reveal his faith in God. Through sounds, imagery, and repetition, Edwards develops an overall sense of fear of Hell in the audience’s mind. Through this, Edwards hopes to force those affected by the speech to turn to God, and repent. Edwards has definitely had an effect on the way that modern speeches are given. His speech was certainly explosive to the people of the 18th century, but not to people of other eras. Edwards has shown that it is necessary to be aware of your potential audience in order for your speech to be successful.